Monday, August 20, 2018

The Boy, the Dog and the Spaceship —Nicholas Fisk


Aboutthe author:

Nicholas Fisk, the pseudonym of David Higginbottom ( 1923-), is a British writer of science fiction, who wrote mainly for children. His works include Grinny, You Remember Me, Space Hostages and Trillions. His autobiography, Pig Ignorant covers the years of World War when he served in the Royal Air Force. After the World War, Fisk worked as a musician, journalist, and publisher. His most impressive work, A Rag, a Bone, and a Hank of Hair is a thrilling futuristic novel set at the end ofthe 22nd century. The above text is adapted from his short story The boy, the dog and the spaceship.

There was a spaceship hurtling through nothingness. It was making a desperate attempt to land on a strange planet.

There was a boy and his dog, running and rolling and chasing in a field. The boy's name was Billy. He was nine. His dog was called Scamp. They understood each other perfectly. Billy shouted at Scamp. He chased Scamp. The dog rolled his eyes, yelped with delight and ran.

ln the spaceship, the Captain contacted the robot engineer. The Captain barked, ”make your report”.

The engineer spoke, "Captain, we're going to be smashed."

The Captain pressed a button and immediately padded arms enfolded him. Soon he was completely encased in a puffy softness.

The ship hurtled on. In the control centre, the screens showed a green and blue planet with seas, clouds and land masses. The ship entered the earth's atmosphere. Its metal skin drove against the air and glowed dull red with heat.

The boy whistled for his dog. “Come on, Scamp.” He was proud of having such a well-trained dog. A minute later, they were wrestling in the grass. They stopped their wrestling-match and looked about them. "You heard it! It went sort of wheeeeooosh!” Billy said to Scamp. Scamp had located the noise; over there, by the dark trees.

The Captain had never before experienced a smash landing. “So that's what its like,” he thought. "l am alone, but I'm here as a conqueror. I will conqueror this planet. If there is a ruling species on this planet, I'll invade a creature of that species and thus become a ruler ofall,” the Captain said to himself. The spaceship opened up and the new conqueror of planet earth looked out.

Billy's mother was calling him back home. Billy called at Scamp. The dog's ears were pricked; his tail was high, his body alert.

The Captain found the planet's air breathable. He was wearing a special suit. When the Captain said, "run", the suit would run endlessly; if the Captain said, "climb", the suit would keep climbing for him.

The Captain had seen many worlds, explored many planets. He had never seen one like this. This world was bursting with life. The Captain saw something move, very fast, on several legs. Where he stood, the Captain was surrounded by vegetable richness. A vast green trunk sprang from the very soil near him. The Captain began to climb the trunk.

Scamp gave a yelp of ecstasy as he caught on to a smell. Scamp's black nostrils widened. He bounded towards the source ofthe smell. Billy's mother called, "Come on, now! Billy, come home and eat your supper." Billy yelled at Scamp. But Scamp did not hear.


The Captain was in a dense forest of green columns, all very much the same. He adjusted his helmet to take in air from outside. The air was perfumed and moist. On his own planet he had tasted such air and water onlv in laboratories. The Captain was struck by the inexhaustible richness of the planet. The Captain was pleased to think he was to be the conqueror of it.

Scamp had run over to where the Flying Object landed. There was a bad stench. Scamp licked the source of the smell. It was cold and hard. He picked up the object between his jaws.


Inside the spaceship, the Captain was terrified. He saw a huge monster, white, brown and black with legs, bite into the spaceship. The monster's face opened. It was pink inside and had pointed white mountains above and below.

The Captain instantly decided that the body of the monster must be entered. The Captain could then take over the control of its brain. After that, the invasion would follow its normal course. All species would eventually follow the Captain. Then the Captain would contact his home planet. Many more spaceships would come. The Captain’s race would have found a safe and permanent home.

The Captain slipped out of the spaceship and began climbing the neck of the monster. The brain ofthe monster was above its face. He came to a tunnel leading into the monster's head. He made himself comfortable at the entrance of the tunnel. He was beginning to control the monster's brain signals. "You will obey me," the Captain said. "You will obey me always."

Billy was puzzled, looking at Scamp. Scamp kept shaking his head and he was running. ”He’s got an insect in his ear," thought Billy, "or an itch." Scamp ran left and right and straight. He looked weird in the moonlight. Billy began to be frightened.

The Captain instructed the white, brown and black monster to halt. The Captain was surprised. "This upright monster just now arrived seems a superior creature, though they are almost the same size," thought the  Captain. "The upright creature is making audio signals and expects to be obeyed."

Billy shouted, ”Scamp! Come here when I call you." Scamp sat at a distance in the moonlight, motionless. His eyes looked strange.

”Which monster is the master?" the Captain asked himself. "l must get them to fight to see who wins." The Captain spoke to the dog's brain, "Attack! Attack the other creature there."

Scamp ran towards Billy. "Scamp!" Billy yelled, "Scamp!"

Scamp charged him snarling. Billy was hurled to the ground. The dog stood over him, jaws open, teeth bared. Billy was terrified. "Scamp!" he cried out. Inside the dog's head two voices boomed. One said, “Attack”; the other was an old, loved familiar voice, asking for help.

The dog paused. Billy had struck out his arms in fear. His fist hit the dog's ear. Something small fell to the ground unseen. Scamp said, ”Whoof!" and licked the boy's face. He wagged his tail and got off Billy's chest.

The boy and the dog ran off together across the moonlit field. Billy's mother was calling, ”Billy! Come home for supper!"

The Captain lay beside his spaceship at the edge of the trees. The spaceship was little, but marvelously made. Soon it would rust in the dew. The Captain lay vanquished with his dream of conquering the planet Earth.




On the Way to Pretoria —M. K. Gandhi


About the author:

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 -1948) was one of the foremost leaders of Indian nationalist movement in British ruled India. He had great belief in non-violent freedom movement. In South Africa he led the resident Indian community's struggle against oppression and social exploitation. He was called ‘Mahatma’ worldwide for his selfless sacrifices and devotion to the nation. Gandhi was a prolific writer. He edited several newspapers including Indian Opinion while staying in South Africa. He also wrote several pamphlets and books like The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Satyagraha in South Africa etc. The above text is an extract from M. K. Gandhi’s The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Chapter 8, translated by Mahadev Desai.

On the seventh or eighth day after my arrival, I left Durban. A first class seat was booked for me. It was usual there to pay five shillings extra, if one needed a bedding. Abdulla Sheth insisted that I should book one bedding but, out of obstinacy and pride and with a view to saving five shillings, I declined. Abdulla Sheth warned me. "Look, now,” said he, ”this is a different country from India. Thank God, we have enough and to spare. Please do not stint yourself in anything that you may need." I thanked him and asked him not to be anxious.

The train reached Maritzburg, the capital of Natal, at about 9 p.m. Beddings used to be provided at this station. A railway servant came and asked me if I wanted one. “No,” said I, "l have one with me." He went away. But a passenger came next, and looked me up and down. He saw that I was a ‘coloured’ man. This disturbed him. Out he went and came in again with one or two officials. They all kept quiet, when another official came to me and said, "Come along, you must go to the van compartment."

“But I have a first class ticket," said I.

"That doesn't matter," rejoined the other. “I tell you, you must go to the van compartment."

“I tell you, I was permitted to travel in this compartment at Durban, and I insist on going on in it."

”No, you won't," said the official. "You must leave this compartment, or else I shall have to call a police constable to push you out."

“Yes, you may. I refuse to get out voluntarily.”

The constable came. He took me by the hand and pushed me out. My luggage was also taken out. I refused to go to the other compartment and the train steamed away. I went and sat in the waiting room, keeping my hand-bag with me, leaving the other luggage where it was. The railway authorities had taken charge of it.

It was winter, and winter in the higher regions of South Africa is severely cold. Maritzburg being at a high altitude, the cold was extremely bitter. My over-coat was in my luggage, but I did not dare to askfor it lest I should be insulted again, so I sat and shivered. There was no light in the room. A passenger came in at about midnight and possibly wanted to talk to me. But I was in no mood to talk. I began to think of my duty. Should I fight for my rights, or go back to India, or should I go on to Pretoria without minding the insults and return to India after finishing the case? It would be cowardice to run back to India without fulfilling my obligation.

The hardship to which I was subjected was superficial, only a symptom of the deep disease of colour prejudice. I should try, if possible, to root out the disease and suffer hardships in the process. Redress for wrongs I should seek only to the extent that would be necessary for the removal of the colour prejudice. So I decided to take the next available train to Pretoria.

The following morning I sent a long telegram to the General Manager of the Railway and also informed Abdulla Sheth, who immediately met the General Manager. The Manager justified the conduct of the railway authorities, but informed him that he had already instructed the Station Master to see that I reached my destination safely. Abdulla Sheth wired to the Indian merchants in Maritzburg and to friends in other places to meet me and look after me. The merchants came to see me at the station and tried to comfort me by narrating their own hardships and explaining that what had happened to me was nothing unusual. They also

said that Indians travelling first or second class had to expect trouble from railway officials and white passengers. The day was thus spent in listening to these tales of woe. The evening train arrived. There was a reserved berth for me. I now purchased at Maritzburg the bedding ticket I had refused to book at Durban.

The train took me to Charlestown.




Seasons and Time —William Barnes


About the poet :
William Barnes (1801 — 1886) was an English poet, writer and philologist. Amongst his most noted books of poetry are Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect and Hwomely Rhymes. His poems are characterized by a singular sweetness and tenderness of feeling, deep insight into humble country life and character, and an exquisite feeling for local scenery.

A while in the dead of the winter,
The wind hurries keen through the sunshine,
But finds no more leaves that may linger
On tree-boughs to strew on the ground.
Long streaks of bright snow-drift, bank shaded,
Yet lie on the slopes, under hedges;
But still on the road out to Thorndon
Would not wet a shoe on the ground.
The days, through the cold seems to strengthen,
Outlengthen their span, and the evening
Seeks later its westing,
To cast its dim hue on the ground.
Till tree-heads shall thicken their shadow
With leaves of a glittering greenness,
And daisies shall fold up their blossoms
At evening, in due on the ground .
And then, in the plum-warding garden,
Or shadowy orchard, the house-man
Shall smile at his fruit, really blushing,
Where sun heat shoots through on the ground .
What season do you feel the fairest
The season of sowing or growing,
Or season of mowing and ripeness,
When hay may lie new on the ground?
And like you the glittering morning,
And short-shaded noon, or the coming
Of slant-lighted evening, or moon,
When footsteps are few on the ground?


Summery of the poem:-
Or
Similar question:-(how does the poet William barnes describe nature in the poem the Seasons and times?​)

  written by William Barnes have a touch of the deep significance of nature.  Where in the poem "season and Times" in the same way different forms of nature are highlighted.  In this poem, the poet shows that when the leaves of a tree fall to the ground in the dead of winter, the light from the surrounding space escapes as fast as time through the sunlight, where the wind cannot survive in any tree, bush or slope because everything is empty for the winter.  In this situation, he waits, wearing without wet shoes  on the ground, for  to cross through the Thorndon road, to move westwards to become stronger, when the leaves of the trees will turn green, when the daisies will fold up their blossom, when the orchards will exaggerating fruit which people will be happy to see.
 In this case, the poet asks the readers which time do you like, when sowing the seeds, when the trees are growing or when the paddy is being harvested, when the straw is lying on the ground?  Or a small bright morning like yours, a small-shaded afternoon, or a half-eaten moonlit night, when there are few footprints on the ground.

I Want to Write —Margaret Walker


About the poet:
Margaret Walker (1915-1998) was an American poet and writer. She was part of the African-American literary movement in Chicago. Her notable works include the award-winning poem For My People and the novel Jubilee, set in the South during the American Civil War. This book is considered notable in African-American literature and Walker is an influential figure for younger authors. Walker became a literature professor at what is todaylackson State University, a historically ‘Black’ college, Where she taught from 1949 to 1979. In 1968, Walkerfounded the Institute for the Study of History, Life, and Culture of Black People (now the Margaret Walker Center).
I want to write
want to write the songs of my people.
I want to hear them singing melodies in the dark.
I want to catch the last floating strains from their sob-torn throats.
I want to frame their dreams into words; their souls into notes.
I want to catch their sunshine laughter in a bowl;
fling dark hands to a darker sky
and fill them full of stars
then crush and mix such lights till they become
a mirrored pool of the dawn.



How it Happened —Arthur Conan Doyle


Arthur Conan Doyle

Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (1859-1930) was a Scottish physician and writer who is most noted for his crime-fictions. His creation, detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson, had won the hearts of millions of readers. Some of his most famous crime stories of Holmes and Watson are A Study in Scarlet, The Hound of the Baskervilles, The Sign 0f F0ur etc. He is also known for the fictional adventures of another character he invented, the irascible scientist Professor Challenger and for popularizing the mystery of Mary Celeste. He was a prolific writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction, and historical novels. The above text is adapted from his short story, How it happened.
The clock in the little country station read eleven. I had come back late from London. Outside the country station waited my big motor car. It had glaring headlights and a glitter of polished brass. It was my new thirty horse power Robur. The car had only been delivered that day. Perkins, my chauffeur, said that he thought the car was excellent.

“I'll drive the car myself,” l said and climbed into the driver's seat.
Perkins said, ”Perhaps, Sir, I had better drive."
“No; I should like to try myself," said I.
So we started on the five-mile drive for home. I got along very well until I came to Claystall Hill. It is one of the worst hills in England. It is a mile and half long with
three fairly sharp curves. My park gate stood at the very foot of the hill.
We were just over the brow of this hill, where the grade is steepest, when trouble began. I was driving at top speed, but suddenly the gears stuck. The car was going
at great rate, so I clapped on both brakes. One after other they gave way. I didn't mind so much when I felt my footbrake snap. I put all my weight on the emergency
brake. It did not work. The situation brought cold sweat out of me.
By this time we were fairly tearing down the slope. The lights were brilliant and I brought round the first curve all right. Then we did the second one. There was a
mile of straight road, then came the third curve. After that came the gate of the park.
We were still running at a fearful pace. Perkins was perfectly cool and alert. He laid his hand on the wheel.
”We can never get round that curve. Better jump, Sir.”
“No,” said I, "I'll stick it out. You can jump if you like.”
I’ll stick it with you, Sir," said he.
The wheels were whirring like a high wind and the big body was groaning. It was a narrow road and we were a great, roaring, golden death to anyone who came in our path. There was only the park gate left to clear now. It was about twenty yards to the left of the road we ran on. I turned the wheel with all the strength of my wrists. My right wheel struck full on the right hand pillar of my own gate. I heard the crash. I was conscious of flying through the air and then— and then—! When I became aware of my own existence once more, I was among the shadow of oak trees. A man was standing beside me. I saw it was Stanley, a man whom I had known at college. I had a genuine affection for him. At the present moment I was quite surprised to see him, but I felt giddy and shaken.
 “What a smash!" I said. "Good Lord, what a smash!" Stanley nodded with his familiar gentle, wistful smile. I was quite unable to move. But my senses were exceedingly alert. I saw the wrecked car lit up by moving lanterns. I saw the little group of people and heard the hushed voices around the car. No one took any notice of me.
Then suddenly I heard a cry of pain.
"The weight is on him. Lift it easy," cried a voice.
"|t’s only my leg!” said another, which I recognized as Perkins's.
"Where's master?" he cried.
”Here I am, ” I answered, but they did not seem to hear me. They were all bending over something which lay in front of the car. Stanley laid his hand upon my shoulder. His touch was strangely soothing. I felt
light and happy, in spite of all.
"No pain, of course?" said he.
”None," said I.
"There never is," said he.
And then suddenly a wave of amazement passed over me. Stanley! Stanley! Why, Stanley had surely died at Bloomfontein in the Boer War! "Stanley!" I cried. The words seemed to choke my throat, "StanIey, you are dead”. He looked at me with the same old gentle, wistful smile.
”So are you," he answered.



The Coral Island —R. M. Ballantyne


                    R. M. Ballantyne
It was a bright, beautiful, warm day when our ship spread her canvas to the breeze, and sailed for the regions of the south. Oh, how my heart bounded with delight as I listened to the merry chorus of the sailors, while they hauled at the ropes and got in the anchor! The captain shouted—the men ran to obey—the noble ship bent over to the breeze, and the shore gradually faded from my view. I stood
looking on with a kind of feeling that the whole was a delightful dream.
Aboutthe author:
Robert Michael Ballantyne (1825-1894) was a Scottish fiction writer famous
for his adventure story The Coral Is/and. Most of his stories were written from
personal experience. The heroes of his books are models of self-reliance and moral
uprightness. His most popular stories include The Young Fur-Traders, The World
of Ice, Ungava: a Tale of Eskimo Land etc. Ballantyne was also an accomplished
artist and exhibited some of his water-colours at the Royal Scottish Academy. The
above text is an extract from Ballantyne’s The Coral Island.
            There were a number of boys in the ship, but two of them were my special favourites . Jack Martin was a tall, strapping, broad-shouldered youth of eighteen, with a handsome, good-humoured, firm face. My other companion was Peterkin Gay. He was little, quick, funny, decidedly mischievous, and about fourteen years old. But Peterkin's mischief was almost always harmless, else he could not have been so much beloved as he was.

        "Hello! Youngster," cried Jack Martin, giving me a slap on the shoulder, the day I joined the ship, ”come below and I'll show you your berth. You and I are to be mess- mates, and I think we shall be good friends, for I like the look o’ you."

 Jack was right. He and I and Peterkin afterwards became the best and staunchest friends that ever tossed together on the stormy waves.

I shall say little about the first part of our voyage. We had the usual amount of rough weather and calm. When we approached Cape Horn, at the southern extremity of America, the weather became very cold and stormy, and the sailors began to tell stories about the furious gales and the dangers ofthat terrible cape. Nevertheless, we passed the dreaded cape without much rough weather, and, in
the course of a few weeks afterwards, were sailing gently, before a warm tropical breeze, over the Pacific Ocean. At last we came among the Coral Islands of the Pacific, and I shall never forget the delight with which I gazed at the pure, white, dazzling shores, and the verdant palm-trees, which looked bright and beautiful in the sunshine.

One night, soon after we entered the tropics, an awful storm burst upon our ship. The first squall of wind carried away two of our masts; and left only the foremast standing. For five days the tempest raged in all its fury. The captain said that he had no idea where we were, as we had been blown far out of our course; and we feared much that we might get among the dangerous coral reefs which
are so numerous in the Pacific. At day-break on the sixth morning ofthe gale we saw land ahead. It was an island encircled by a reef of coral on which the waves broke in fury. There was calm water within this reef, but we could only see one narrow opening into it. For this opening we steered, but, ere we reached it, a tremendous wave broke on our stern, tore the rudder completely off, and left us
at the mercy of the winds and waves. "lt’s all over with us now, lads," said the captain to the men; ”get the boat ready to launch; we shall be on the rocks in less than halfan hour."

The men obeyed in gloomy silence, for they felt that there was little hope of so small a boat living in such a sea.

"Come boys,” said Jack Martin, in a grave tone, to me and Peterkin, as we stood on the quarterdeck awaiting our fate— "| see through the telescope that the ship will strike at the tail of the reef, where the waves break into the quiet water inside; so, if we manage to cling to the oar till it is driven over the breakers, we may perhaps gain the shore. What say you; will you join me?"


We gladly agreed to follow Jack, for he inspired us with confidence, although I could perceive, by the sad tone of his voice, that he had little hope; and, indeed, when I looked at the white waves that lashed the reef and boiled against the rocks as if in fury, I felt that there was but a step between us and death. My heart sank within me. The ship was now very near the rocks. The men were ready with the boat, and the captain beside them giving orders, when a tremendous wave came towards us. We three ran towards the bow to lay hold of our oar, and had barely reached it when the wave fell on the deck with a crash like thunder. At the same moment the ship struck, the foremast broke off close to the deck and went over the side, carrying the boat and men along with it. Our oar got entangled with the wreck, and Jack seized an axe to cut it free. Another wave washed it clear of the wreck. We all seized hold of it, and the next instant we were struggling in the wild sea. The last thing I saw was the boat whirling in the surf, and all the sailors tossed into the foaming waves. Then I became insensible.

On recovering from my swoon, l found myself lying on a bank of soft grass, under the shelter of an overhanging rock, with Peterkin on his knees by my side, tenderly bathing my temples with water, and endeavouring to stop the blood that flowed from a wound in my forehead.
WORD NEST :-
staunchest — strongest of opinion
verdant — fresh and green
foremast — a mast on the front part of a ship
rudder — an instrument for controlling the boat's direction




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VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPARETURE
Introduction:- āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āωāϞ্āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞেāϰ āĻ—āĻ­ীāϰāϤা āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻা⧟। āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āωāϞ্āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻš্āϰাāϏ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।
 āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝāϤāχ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ“āĻ া āϝা⧟, āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻšাāϰে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻĒ্āϰāϤি km āωāϚ্āĻ›āϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে 6.4℃ āĻšাāϰে āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒ āĻš্āϰাāϏ āĻĒা⧟। āĻāĻ•ে Lapse rate āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ।
Vertical Distribution of temperature in  different Latest:- āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞেāϰ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āωāϞ্āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻš্āϰাāϏ-āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāϤে āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āύিāĻŽ্āύে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āωāϞ্āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞ-
1. Troposphere:-

āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPARETURE

Introduction:- āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ…āĻ•্āώাংāĻļেāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻা⧟ । āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–া āĻŽাāύāϚিāϤ্āϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦোāĻাāύো āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ-āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāĻĒāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āϏ্āĻĨাāύāĻ—ুāϞি āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–া āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϝোāĻ— āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।
  āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻ“ āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻŽāϧ‍্āϝে āϚāϰāĻŽāĻ­াāĻŦ āϞāĻ•্āώ‍্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ…āĻ•্āώাংāĻļে । āϤাāχ āĻ‹āϤুāĻ­েāĻĻে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ…āĻ•্āώাংāĻļেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āϜাāύাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻ“ āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏেāϰ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāϰ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āύিāĻŽ্āύে āφāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϞ-

Horizontal distribution of tempareture in January:-
āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖা⧟āύেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϤাāĻĒāĻŦিāώুāĻŦāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻļ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāύ্āϤāϰ āϘāϟে। āϤাāχ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ—্āϰীāώ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϞ āĻāĻŦং āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞ āĻŦিāϰাāϜ āĻ•āϰে।
A . āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŦিāύ‍্āϝাāϏ:-
(ā§§) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–া āĻ—ুāϞি āύিāϰāĻ•্āώāϰেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰে  āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŽেāϰু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦাঁāĻ• āύে⧟।
(⧍) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•‍্āϝ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿ।
(ā§Š) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻļীāϤāϞāϤāϰ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāĻ—ুāϞি āĻšāϞ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻāĻļি⧟া, āωঃ āĻĒঃ āĻ•াāύাāĻĄা, āĻ—্āϰীāĻŖāϞ‍্āϝāĻŖ্āĻĄ।
(ā§Ē) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āωঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ…āύি⧟āĻŽিāϤ।

B. āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŦিāύ‌্āϝাāϏ :-
(ā§§) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŽেāϰু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āύিāϰāĻ•্āώāϰেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦাঁāĻ• āύে⧟ ।
(⧍) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĻূāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻšā§Ÿ।
(ā§Š) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻļীāϤāϞāϤāĻŽ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāϟি āĻšāϞ āφāĻŖ্āϟাāϰ্āĻ•āϟিāĻ•া।
(ā§Ē) āϜাāύু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āύি⧟āĻŽিāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ।

Horizontal distribution of temperature in July :- āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āϏূāϰ্āϝেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰা⧟āĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϤাāĻĒāĻŦিāώুāĻŦāϰেāĻ–া āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻļ āωāϤ্āϤāϰে āϏāϰে āϝা⧟ । āϤাāχ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ—্āϰীāώ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞ āĻŦিāϰাāϜ āĻ•āϰে।
A. āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŦিāύ‍্āϝাāϏ :-
(ā§§) āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āωঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে 10°-40° āωঃ āĻ…āĻ•্āώাংāĻļে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤা 30℃ āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻŦিāϰাāϜ āĻ•āϰে।
(⧍)āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŽেāϰু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āύিāϰāĻ•্āώāϰেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦাঁāĻ• āύে⧟।
(ā§Š) āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āωঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻļীāϤāϞāϤāĻŽ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāϟি āĻšāϞ āĻ—্āϰীāĻŖāϞ‍্āϝāĻŖ্āĻĄ।
(ā§Ē) āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻ…āύি⧟āĻŽিāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ ।
B. āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŦিāύ‍্āϝাāϏ :-
(ā§§)āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āύিāϰāĻ•্āώāϰেāĻ–াāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āĻŽেāϰু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦাঁāĻ• āύে⧟।
(⧍)āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻļীāϤāϞāϤāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨাāύāϟি āĻšāϞ āφāĻŖ্āϟাāϰ্āĻ•āϟিāĻ•া।
(ā§Š)āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻঃ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āύিāϰāĻ•্āώāϰেāĻ–া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝāϤ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āϤāϤāχ āĻĒāϰāϏ্āĻĒāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāύ্āϤāϰাāϞে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•āϰে।
(ā§Ģ) āĻāĻ–াāύে āϏāĻŽোāώ্āĻŖāϰেāĻ–াāĻ—ুāϞি āύি⧟āĻŽিāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ।




Dynamic mechanism :- āωāϚ্āϚ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻĢāϞে 60°-70° āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ•্āώাংāĻļে O3 āĻ—‍্āϝাāϏেāϰ āϏāĻž্āϚ⧟ āϘāϟে । āφāϰ āϤাāϰ āĻĢāϞেāχ āĻĻঃ āĻŽেāϰু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻ“āϜāύāϏ্āϤāϰ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻļ āĻĒাāϤāϞা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে।
B. āĻŽāύুāώ্āϝ āϏৃāώ্āϟ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ :-
(ā§§) āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϰāĻ–াāύা :- āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒাāĻž্āϚāϞে āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϰāĻ–াāύাāϰ āϚিāĻŽāύি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻ—āϤ āĻ­াāϏāĻŽাāύ āϏাāϞāĻĢেāϟ āĻāϰোāϏāϞ āĻ“āϜোāύ āĻ…āĻŖুāĻ•ে āĻŦি⧟োāϜিāϤ āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϜেāύ āĻ…āύু āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖু āϤে āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰ āϘāϟা⧟  āĻĢāϞে āĻ“āϜোāύ āϏ্āϤāϰ āĻ•্āώ⧟āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।
(⧍) āĻŦ‍্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āϏুāĻĒাāϰāϏāύিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻŽাāύ :- āϏ্āϟ‍্āϝাāϟোāϏ্āĻĢি⧟াāϰে āϏুāĻĒাāϰāϏāύিāĻ• āĻŦিāĻŽাāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻ—āϤ āϜāϞী⧟āĻŦাāώ্āĻĒ āĻ“ āύাāχāϟ্āϰোāϜেāύ āĻ…āĻ•্āϏাāχāĻĄ āϏāĻŽূāĻš O3 āĻ—‍্āϝাāϏেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āĻ•āϰে āĻ“āϜোāύāĻ•ে āĻŦিāύাāĻļ āĻ•āϰে । āϝāĻĨা:-
O3 + NO = NO2 + O2
(ā§Š) āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻŦিāϏ্āĻĢোāϰāĻŖ :- āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ• āĻŦিāϏ্āĻĢোāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ‍্āϝ āĻŦাāϤাāϏে NO2 āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒা⧟। āĻĢāϞে āĻ“āϜোāύ āĻ…āĻŖুāϰ āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻšā§Ÿ।
(ā§Ē) āϰেāĻĢ্āϰিāϜাāϰেāϟāϰ, A.C, āϏ্āĻĒ্āϰে āĻ•‍্āϝাāύ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻিāϰ āĻŦ‍্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ :- āϰেāĻĢ্āϰিāϜাāϰেāϟāϰ, A.C, āĻŦ‍্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰেāϰ āĻĢāϞে CFC āĻ“ CF3CL(āĻ•্āϞোāϰোāĻĢ্āϞুāϰো āĻŽিāĻĨেāύ) āĻ—‍্āϝāϏ āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒা⧟। āĻāĻ•āϟি CFC āĻ•‍্āϝāύ āĻāĻ• āϞāĻ•্āώেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļী āĻ“āϜোāύ āĻ•āύাāĻ•ে āϧ্āĻŦāϏ āĻ•āϰে।
 āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āĻ…āϤিāĻŦেāĻ—ুāύী āϰāĻļ্āĻŽāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦে CFC āĻ•্āϞোāϰিāύ(cl) āĻĒāϰāĻŽাāĻŖুāϤে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻ“āχ Cl āĻ“āϜোāύ āĻ•āĻŖাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰ⧟া āϘāϟি⧟ে āĻ“āϜোāύ āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻ•āϰে। āϝāĻĨা-
CFCUVCL
CL+O3 O2 +CLO.

Sunday, August 19, 2018

āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ

Impact or Influence of Jet Stream on Monsoon:- āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻুāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•āϰে। āϝāĻĨা-
1.āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš।
2.āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš।
 āϤāĻŦে, āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻŦিāϏ্āϤāϰāϤāϰ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•ে।
1.āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš:- (a)āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšāĻ•াāϞে āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āϧāϰা āύা āĻ—েāϞেāĻ“ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে āĻāϟি āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āϜāϞāĻŦা⧟ুāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āϰে ।
(b) āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤি⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦিāĻļাāϞ āĻšিāĻŽাāϞ⧟ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āϏুāωāϚ্āϚ āĻļিāĻ–āϰ āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖীāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϟি āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻĻুāϟি āĻļাāĻ–া⧟ āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ । āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻļাāĻ–া āĻšিāĻŽাāϞ⧟ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝāϟি āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āφংāĻļ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ । āĻšিāĻŽাāϞ⧟ āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤ āĻ…āϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻুāϟি āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻ•āĻ–āύো āϚীāύেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ—ি⧟ে āĻāĻ•āϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ । āĻŽিāϞিāϤ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻ—āϤি āĻŦিāĻ­āĻ•্āϤ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āφāĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿ ।
(c) āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤি⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϰোāϤ āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āωāĻĒāĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļে āĻ…āĻ•্āϟোāĻŦāϰ āĻŽাāϏে āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĒ্āϰāϤ‍্āϝাāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻĒāϰ āφāĻŦিāϰ্āĻ­ূāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻļীāϤেāϰ āφāĻ—āĻŽāύে āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻļঃ āϏ্āĻĨাāύাāύ্āϤāϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻĢেāĻŦ্āϰু⧟াāϰি āĻŽাāϰ্āϚে āĻāχ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϰোāϤ āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖāϤāĻŽ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύে āφāϏে। āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāϟি āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒুāύāϰা⧟ āĻĢিāϰে āϝা⧟। āĻŽে āĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻļেāώাāĻļেāώি āĻāχ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϰোāϤ āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āωāĻĒāĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻĒāϏৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।
(d) āĻ­াāϰāϤে āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻ…āĻĻৃāĻļ‍্āϝ āĻšāĻŦাāϰ āϘāϟāύাāϟি āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āφāĻ—āĻŽāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ…ংāĻļāϤ āĻŽিāϞে āϝা⧟।
2. āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš:-
(a) āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āωāĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϜুāύ āĻŽাāϏ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāĻ—āϏ্āϟ āĻŽাāϏ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•āϰে।āϜুāϞাāχ āφāĻ—āϏ্āϟে āĻāϟি 12°-15° āωāϤ্āϤāϰে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•āϰে। āϏেāĻĒ্āϟেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻŽাāϏে āĻāϟি āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻĒāϏৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।
(b)āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āĻāĻŦং āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āωāϚ্āϚāϚাāĻĒেāϰ āĻļীāϰ্āώāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•āϰে। āϚীāύেāϰ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāύ āωāĻĒāĻ•ূāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāϰāĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻ•āϰে āĻāχ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦাāϞি āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϰোāϤ 15° āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ…āĻ•্āώাংāĻļ āĻŦāϰাāĻŦāϰ āĻĨাāχāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ, āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻ­াāϰāϤ āωāĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āĻ…āϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āĻŦāĻļেāώে āϏুāĻĻাāύ āĻ“ āϏাāĻšাāϰা⧟ āĻ—ি⧟ে āĻ•্āώি⧟āĻŽাāύ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦাāϞি āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻŽাāϞ⧟েāĻļি⧟া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āωāĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰāϤāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ (āϏāϰ্āĻŦাāϧিāĻ• āĻ—āϤি āϘāĻŖ্āϟা⧟ 100-200km ) āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰে āĻĒāĻļ্āϚāĻŽāĻĻিāĻ•ে āϤীāĻŦ্āϰāϤা āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻļঃ āĻ•āĻŽে āφāϏে ।
(c) āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ āĻāχ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āĻŦেāĻļি āωāϤ্āϤāϰে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•িāϤ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟।
(d) āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āϟি āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻĢāϞে āωāĻĒāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤী⧟ āϜেāϟ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻ•ে āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦিāϤ āĻ•āϰে।

Thursday, August 16, 2018

āĻŽৃāϤ্āϤিāĻ•াāϰ āωāϰ্āĻŦāϰāϤা

Soil fertility
āĻŽৃāϤ্āϤিāĻ•াāϰ āωāϰ্āĻŦāϰāϤা āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ—ুāĻŖ āϝাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻ­িāĻĻেāϰ āϏুāϏ্āĻĨ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āϤāĻĨা āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻিāĻ•া āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āϏāϰ্āĻŦাāĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰāĻļীāϞ। āωāϰ্āĻŦāϰ āĻŽাāϟি āĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻিāĻ•া āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āϏুāύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻ•āϰে। āωāϰ্āĻŦāϰāϤা āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—ুāύ āϝা āĻŽাāϟিāϤে āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϝৌāĻ—িāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻাāϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽিāϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦোāĻা⧟। āĻ…āύ‍্āϝāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āϝা⧟ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϤিāĻ•াāϰ āωāϰ্āĻŦāϰāϤা āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻŦোāĻা⧟  āĻŽৃāϤ্āϤিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āύ‍্āϝাāύ‍্āϝ āĻ­ৌāϤ āĻ“ āϰাāϏা⧟āύিāĻ• āĻ—ুāύাāĻ—ুāύেāϰ āϏāĻŽāώ্āϟিāĻ—āϤ āĻĢāϞ 

Wednesday, August 15, 2018

ten bengali

āĻ•āĻŽāĻŦেāĻļি ⧍ā§Ļāϟি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻে āύীāϚেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻাāĻ“।
⧍.ā§§। āĻļāĻŽীāĻŦৃāĻ•্āώāĻŽূāϞে’ āĻļāĻŽী āĻ•ী? āϤাāϰ āĻŽূāϞে āĻ•ী āϘāϟেāĻ›িāϞ?
‘āĻļāĻŽী āϏাঁāχ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻāĻ•āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াঁāϟা āĻ—াāĻ›। āĻŽāĻšাāĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝা āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰে āĻāχ āĻŦৃāĻ•্āώে āĻĒাāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻŦāĻ—āĻŖ āĻ…āϏ্āϤ্āϰ āϞুāĻ•িāϝ়ে āϰেāĻ–ে āϰাāϜাāϰ āĻ—ৃāĻšে āϝাāύ।
⧍.⧍। āĻĻিāĻ—āύ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻ•াঁāĻĻāύ āϞুāϟাāϝ়’– āĻ•āĻĨাāϟি āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϕ⧰ি āĻ•ী āĻŦােāĻাāϤে āϚেāϝ়েāĻ›েāύ?
āĻĻেāĻŦাāĻĻিāĻĻেāĻŦেāϰ āϤ্āϰāϏ্āϤ āϜāϟাāϰ āĻĒিāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĻেāĻ–ে āĻŽāύে āĻšāϝ় āϜāĻ—āϤেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āĻĨ āĻĻুঃāĻ–-āĻŦেāĻĻāύা-āĻ•াāύ্āύাāĻ•ে āϝেāύ āϤিāύি āϜāϟাāϝ় āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻ•ে āĻĻুঃāĻ– āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ। āĻ•āϰāϤে āϚেāϝ়েāĻ›েāύ।
⧍.ā§Š। āĻ āĻŽাāϝ়া, āĻĒিāϤঃ, āĻŦুāĻিāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰি !- āĻ•ে, āĻ•াāĻ•ে, āĻ•েāύ āĻāĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ?
āχāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāϜিā§Ž, āϰাāĻŦāĻŖāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। āĻ—āϤ āϰাāϤে āϰাāĻŽāĻ•ে āϤিāύি āĻŦāϧ āĻ•āϰেāύ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϏে āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦেঁāϚে āĻ“āĻ ে, āϤাāϰ āĻāχ āĻŦেঁāϚে āĻ“āĻ াāĻ•েāχ āĻŽাāϝ়া āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে।
⧍.ā§Ē। āϏāϰ্āĻŦāύাāĻļী āϜ্āĻŦাāϞাāĻŽুāĻ–ী āϧূāĻŽāĻ•েāϤু’- āĻāχ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāύাāĻļী āϜ্āĻŦাāϞাāĻŽুāĻ–ী’ āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ āϚাāĻŽāϰ āĻĻুāϞিāϝ়ে āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āϜাāύিāϝ়েāĻ›ে?
‘āϏāϰ্āĻŦāύাāĻļী āϜ্āĻŦাāϞাāĻŽুāĻ–ী’ āϧূāĻŽāĻ•েāϤু āĻ­āϝ়āĻ™্āĻ•āϰāĻ•ে āϚাāĻŽāϰ āĻĻুāϞিāϝ়ে āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ। āϜাāύিāϝ়েāĻ›ে āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏে āĻāϏে āϏāĻŦāĻ•িāĻ›ু āϞāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻ­āĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϝাāĻŦে, āϝাāϰ āĻĒāϰে āφāĻŦাāϰ āύāϤুāύ āĻāĻ• āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻšāĻŦে।
⧍ā§Ģ। āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϏ্āĻŦāϚ্āĻ›āϞ āĻ›িāϞ āύা āĻ•েāύ?
āϘāĻĄ়িāϰ āĻ•াঁāϟা āϧāϰে āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āϚাāĻ•āϰি āĻŦা āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻĻোāĻ•াāύে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āύāϝ়, āϤাāχ āĻ•োāύāĻ“āĻĻিāύ āϤাāϰ āĻ…āĻ­াāĻŦ āϘােāϚেāύি।
⧍.ā§Ŧ। āϏāύ্āύ্āϝাāϏী āĻ•āĻ–āύ āϜāĻ—āĻĻীāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦুāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒা āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āĻĻিāϞেāύ?
āύāϤুāύ āĻ–āĻĄ়āĻŽে āϏােāύাāϰ āĻŦােāϞ āϞাāĻ—িāϝ়ে āϏāύ্āύ্āϝাāϏীāϰ āĻĒাāϝ়েāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āϧāϰāϞে āϏāύ্āύ্āϝাāϏী āϜāĻ—āĻĻীāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦুāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒা āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āĻĻিāϞেāύ।
⧍⧭। āϜāĻ—āĻĻীāĻļā§°াā§°ু āϚāϟিāϝ়া āĻ•āĻšিāϞেāύ, āĻĻāϝ়াāϰ āϏাāĻ—āϰ’- āĻ•াāĻ•ে, āĻ•েāύ āĻĻāϝ়াāϰ āϏাāĻ—āϰ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে?
āĻ—িāϰীāĻļ āĻŽāĻšাāĻĒাāϤ্āϰāĻ•ে āĻĻāϝ়াāϰ āϏাāĻ—āϰ āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻ•ুāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻ—াঁāϜাāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•েāϟি āĻĒāĻ•েāϟে āϰেāĻ–েāĻ›ে āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻ•ে āϏেāϜে āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝāχ āĻāχ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻļুāύে āϜāĻ—āĻĻীāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦু āϤাāϚ্āĻ›িāϞ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻĻāϝ়াāϰ āϏাāĻ—āϰ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ।
⧍.ā§Ž। āĻāχ āϜাāύােāϝ়াāϰāϟিāĻ•ে āĻ“āϝ়াāϚ āĻ•āϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύেāχ'- āϞােāĻ•āϟিāĻ•ে āϜাāύােāϝ়াāϰ āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ āĻ•েāύ?
āϞােāĻ•āϟিāĻ•ে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ—িāϰীāĻļ āĻŽāĻšাāĻĒাāϤ্āϰ āĻ“āϰāĻĢে āϏāĻŦ্āϝāϏাāϚী āĻŽāϞ্āϞিāĻ•āĻ•ে। āϜাāύােāϝ়াāϰ āĻŦāϞাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϤাāϰ āĻ…āĻĻ্āĻ­ুāϤ āĻŦেāĻļāĻ­ূāώা āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰে āϰুāĻŽাāϞেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ, āĻŽােāϜা āĻāĻŦং āύেāĻŦুāϰ āϤেāϞেāϰ āϤীāĻŦ্āϰ āĻ—āύ্āϧ-- āĻ āϏāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻ–েāχ āϜāĻ—āĻĻীāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦু āϤাāĻ•ে āϜাāύােāϝ়াāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦােāϧāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ।
⧍.⧝। āϤৈāϞāϚিāϤ্āϰ’- āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϏāĻš āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āύাāĻŽ āϞেāĻ–াে।
āϤৈāϞāϚিāϤ্āϰ : āϤৈāϞ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āφঁāĻ•া āϚিāϤ্āϰ- āĻŽāĻĻ্āϝāĻĒāĻĻāϞােāĻĒী āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāϧাāϰāϝ় āϏāĻŽাāϏ। ⧍.ā§§ā§Ļ। āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒāĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ’-āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āϏāĻš āϏāĻŽাāϏেāϰ āύাāĻŽ āϞেāĻ–াে।
āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒāĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ : āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āϝাāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦ্āϰীāĻšি āϏāĻŽাāϏ।।
⧍.ā§§ā§§। āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ• āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•ী āϤা āĻŦুāĻিāϝ়ে āĻĻাāĻ“।
āϏāĻŽাāϏāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻĒāĻĻে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āύেāχ āĻ…āĻĨāϚ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ›াāĻĄ়া āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϝ় āύা, āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ• āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāϞে। āϝেāĻŽāύāĻļাāĻ–া-āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāĻ–া’, ‘āĻļাāĻ–া āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāĻ–া’ | āϏāĻŽাāϏāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻĒāĻĻেāĻ“ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āύেāχ āĻ…āĻĨāϚ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ›াāĻĄ়া āĻŦ্āϝাāϏāĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āύāϝ়, āϤাāχ āĻ“-āĻ•ে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāĻŦে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āĻ• āĻĒāĻĻ।
ā§Š। āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ— āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϏāĻš āĻ•āĻŽ-āĻŦেāĻļি ā§Ŧā§Ļ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻে āϝে āĻ•োāύাে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύেāϰ
ā§Šxā§§= ā§Š āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻাāĻ“।
ā§Š.ā§§।‘āĻšেāύ āĻ•াāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽীāϞা āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰী’– āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽীāϞা āĻ•āĻ–āύ āĻāϏেāĻ›িāϞ? āϤিāύি āφāϏাāϝ় āĻĒāϟেāϰ āĻ•ী āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟেāĻ›িāϞ? ā§§+⧍ = ā§Š
āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦāϞী āχāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāϜিā§Ž āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āϏাāϜে āϏāϜ্āϜিāϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āϰāĻĨে āϚāĻĄ়েāĻ›েāύ āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āϤ্āϰāϏ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽীāϞা āϏেāĻ–াāύে āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻšāύ। āĻāϏে āϤিāύি āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖāϏāĻ–াāĻ•ে āϜāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āϧāϰে āĻ•াāϞāϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āϝেāϤে āĻŦাāϧা āĻĻেāύ। āωāϤ্āϤেāϜāύা āĻĒ্āϰāĻļāĻŽিāϤ āĻ•āϰে āϏāϏ্āύেāĻšে āĻļাāύ্āϤ āĻŽেāϜাāϜে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖāύাāĻĨ āχāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāϜিā§Ž āĻĒāϤ্āύীāĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻিāϝ়ে āĻŦāϞেāύ āϤাāϰ āĻŦাঁāϧāύ āĻ›িāύ্āύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āχāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāϜিāϤেāϰ āύেāχ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤাāϰ āĻ“ āϏ্āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāϞāĻ™্āĻ•াāϰ āĻŽাāύ āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻ•āϰāϤেāχ āϤিāύি āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āϝাāϚ্āĻ›েāύ। āĻ…āϤি āĻļীāϘ্āϰāχ āϤিāύি āĻļāϤ্āϰুāĻ•ে āĻŦāϧ āĻ•āϰে āĻĢিāϰāĻŦেāύ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽীāϞাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻŦিāĻĻাāϝ় āύিāϝ়ে āωāϚ্āϚāϰāĻŦ āϤুāϞে āϞāĻ™্āĻ•া āϏāĻš āϜāϞ-āϏ্āĻĨāϞ-āφāĻ•াāĻļ-āĻŦাāϤাāϏ āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāϤ āĻ•āϰে āχāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāϜিāϤেāϰ āϰāĻĨ āωāĻ āϞ āφāĻ•াāĻļāĻĒāĻĨে।
3.2। āϝাঁāĻ•ে āĻ–ুঁāϜāĻ›েāύ āϤাāϰ āĻ•াāϞāϚাāϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻāĻ•āĻŦাāϰ āĻ­েāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–ুāύ। āĻ•ে, āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻ–ুঁāϜāĻ›েāύ? āϤাāϰ āĻ•ী āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϞāϚাāϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে?
āĻĻাāϰােāĻ—া āύিāĻŽাāχāĻŦাāĻŦু āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϏāĻŦ্āϝāϏাāϚী āĻŽāϞ্āϞিāĻ•āĻ•ে āĻ–ুঁāϜāĻ›েāύ।
āωāϚ্āϚāĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϏāĻŦ্āϝāϏাāϚী āĻŽāϞ্āϞিāĻ• āĻ“āϰāĻĢে āĻ—িāϰীāĻļ āĻŽāĻšাāĻĒাāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻĒুāύা āĻāĻŦং āϏিāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻĒুāϰ āϜেāϞে āφāϟāĻ• āĻ›িāϞেāύ। āϤিāύি āϜাāϰ্āĻŽাāύিāϤে āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻļাāϏ্āϤ্āϰ, āĻĢ্āϰাāύ্āϏে āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝা, āχংāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄে āφāχāύ āĻĒāĻĄ়েāĻ›েāύ āĻāĻŦং āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•া āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ“ āωāϚ্āϚāĻļিāĻ•্āώা āϞাāĻ­ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ•াāϞāϚাāϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨাāχ āĻ…āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āϤাāϰ āφāϤ্āĻŽীāϝ় āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āĻ•āϰ্āϤা āύিāĻŽাāχāĻŦাāĻŦুāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰিāϝ়েāĻ›ে।
ā§Ē। āĻ•āĻŽ-āĻŦেāĻļি ā§§ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻে āύিāϜেāϰ āĻ­াāώাāϝ় āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻাāĻ“। (āϝে āĻ•োāύাে āĻāĻ•āϟি)
ā§Ē.ā§§। āĻŦাāĻŦুāϟিāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻ—েāĻ›ে, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻļāĻ– āώোāϞাে āφāύাāχ āĻŦāϜাāϝ় āφāĻ›ে--āĻŦাāĻŦুāϟি āĻ•ে? āϤাāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ–েāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚāϝ় āĻĻাāĻ“। ā§§+ā§Ē = ā§Ģ
āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āϚāϟ্āϟোāĻĒাāϧ্āϝাāϝ়েāϰ āĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻĻাāĻŦী' āωāĻĒāύ্āϝাāϏেāϰ āĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻĻাāĻŦী।
āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝাংāĻļেāϰ āĻŦাāĻŦুāϟি āĻšāϞ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϏāĻŦ্āϝāϏাāϚী āĻŽāϞ্āϞিāĻ• āĻ“āϰāĻĢে āĻ—িāϰীāĻļ āĻŽāĻšাāĻĒাāϤ্āϰ।āύিāĻŽাāχāĻŦাāĻŦু āĻ…āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻ•ে āĻ—িāϰীāĻļ āĻŽāĻšাāĻĒাāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĒােāĻļাāĻ•-āφāĻļাāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•āĻĨাāϟি āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ। āϞােāĻ•āϟিāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āϰােāĻ—া, āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻ•াāĻļāϞেāχ āĻšাঁāĻĒাāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āϝেāύ āĻĻুāϰাāϰােāĻ—্āϝ āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻŦ্āϝাāϧিāϤে āĻ­ুāĻ—āĻ›ে, āĻ āĻ­āĻŦ āϏংāϏাāϰে āĻŦােāϧ āĻšāϝ়। āϤাāϰ āφāϝ়ু āϤাāϰ āĻŦেāĻļিāĻĻিāύ āύাāχ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāχ āϰােāĻ—া āĻŽুāĻ–েāĻ“ āĻ…āĻĻ্āĻ­ুāϤ āϤাāϰ āĻĻুāϟি āϚোāĻ–েāϰ āĻĻৃāώ্āϟি। āĻ“āχ āĻĻুāϟি āϚোāĻ–েāϰ āĻ•োāĻ āϰেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝেāχ āϝেāύ āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻŖ āĻ­্āϰāĻŽāϰা āϞুāĻ•িāϝ়ে āφāĻ›ে, āϝেāĻ–াāύে āϝāĻŽāĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা। āĻ—িāϰীāĻļ āĻŽāĻšাāĻĒাāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĒােāĻļাāĻ•-āφāĻļাāĻ•েāϰ āĻŦাāĻšাāϰ āĻ“ āĻĒাāϰিāĻĒাāϟ্āϝ āĻĻেāĻ–āϞেāχ āϤাāϰ āĻļāĻ–েāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚāϝ় āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āϝাāϝ়। āĻŽাāĻĨাāϰ āϏাāĻŽāύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϚুāϞ āĻŦāĻĄ়াে, āĻ•াāύেāϰ āĻĒাāĻļ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒিāĻ›āύেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাāϰে āĻ›ােāϟো, āϚেāϰা āϏিāĻĨি āϤাāϤে āĻ…āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāĻĒ্āϤ āύেāĻŦুāϰ āϤেāϞ- āϝাāϰ āĻ—āύ্āϧে āϘāϰ āĻ­āϰে āĻ—িāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻ—াāϝ়ে āϜাāĻĒাāύি āϏিāϞ্āĻ•েāϰ āϰাāĻŽāϧāύু āϰāĻ™েāϰ āϚুāĻĄ়িāĻĻাāϰ āĻĒাāĻž্āϜাāĻŦি, āĻŦুāĻ•āĻĒāĻ•েāϟে āĻŦাāϘ āφঁāĻ•া āϰুāĻŽাāϞেāϰ āĻ•িāϝ়āĻĻাংāĻļ āĻŦেāϰিāϝ়ে āφāĻ›ে, āĻĒāϰāύে āĻŦিāϞিāϤি āĻŽিāϞেāϰ āĻ•াāϞাে āĻŽāĻ•āĻŽāϞ āĻĒাāĻĄ়েāϰ āϏুāĻ•্āώ্āĻŽ āĻļাāĻĄ়ি। āĻšাঁāϟু āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϏāĻŦুāϜ āĻŽােāϜা, āĻšাঁāϟুāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āϞাāϞ āĻĢিāϤে āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϤা āĻŦাঁāϧা, āĻŦাāϰ্āύিāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻĒাāĻŽ্āĻĒ āĻļু, āϤāϞাāϟা āĻŽāϜāĻŦুāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϚাāϰāĻĒাāĻļে āϞােāĻšাāϰ āύাāϞ āĻŦāϏাāύাে। āĻšাāϤে āĻšāϰিāĻŖেāϰ āĻļিāĻ™েāϰ āĻšাāϤāϞāĻ“āϝ়াāϞা āĻŦেāϤেāϰ āĻ›āĻĄ়ি, āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āĻĻিāύ āϜাāĻšাāϜে āĻ•াāϟাāύােāϝ় āϤাāϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϤেāχ āĻŽāϝ়āϞা āϧāϰেāĻ›ে। āĻ›āĻĻ্āĻŽāĻŦেāĻļেāϰ āĻ–াāϤিāϰে āϤাāϰ āĻāχ āĻĒােāĻļাāĻ• āĻ›āĻĻ্āĻŽāĻŦেāĻļāĻ•ে āϝে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏāϝােāĻ—্āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒেāϰেāĻ›িāϞ, āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āĻ…āĻĒুāϰ্āĻŦāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļে āύিāĻŽাāχāĻŦাāĻŦুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύোāĻĻ্āϧৃāϤ āωāĻ•্āϤিāϟি।
ā§Ē.⧍। āĻšুāϰূāĻĒী' āĻ—āϞ্āĻĒ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāύে āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāϰ āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰ āφāϞােāϚāύা āĻ•āϰাে। ā§Ģ
āĻ—āϞ্āĻĒāĻ•াāϰ āϏুāĻŦােāϧ āϘােāώ āϤাāϰ āĻŦāĻšুāϰূāĻĒী āĻ—āϞ্āĻĒে āĻ…āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻŽāĻŽāϤ্āĻŦে āĻšāϰিāĻĻা āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰāϟি āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āϤুāϞেāĻ›েāύ। āĻāĻ• āĻ…āϤি āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻšāϰিāĻĻা, āĻĒেāĻļাāϝ় āĻŦāĻšুāϰূāĻĒী, āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒী, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤাঁāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āύেāĻ•āϟাāχ āφāϞাāĻĻা। āĻļāĻšāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻঁāĻĻো āĻ—āϞিāϤে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ›ােāϟ্āϟ āϘāϰে āĻšāϰিāĻĻা āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āϤিāύি āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒāĻŦāϝ়āϏিāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āφāĻĄ্āĻĄা āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ…āĻŦāϏāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϟা āĻ•াāϟিāϝ়ে āĻĻেāύ। āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāϰ āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি āĻĻিāĻ• āϝা āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāĻ•ে āφāϰ āĻĒাঁāϚāϟা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒৃāĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ, āϝে āĻ•াāϜ āϤিāύি āĻ•āϰেāύ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻŽāύােāϝােāĻ—েāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻŦāĻšুāϰূāĻĒীāϰ āϏাāϜে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϰূāĻĒāϏী āĻŦাāχāϜি, āĻĒাāĻ—āϞ, āĻ•াāĻĒাāϞিāĻ•, āĻĢিāϰিāĻ™্āĻ—ি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­ৃāϤি āϝেāĻĻিāύ āϝা āϏেāϜে āĻĒāĻĨে āĻŦেāϰ āĻšāύ āϏেāĻĻিāύ āϏেāχ āĻ…āĻ­িāύāϝ়āϟা āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻĻāĻ•্āώāϤাāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āύিāĻ–ুঁāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ়āϤ, āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒāĻŦāϝ়āϏি āĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻ—ােāϤ্āϰীāϝ়āĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āφāϰ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāĻ“ āϤিāύি āϤাāϰ āĻĒেāĻļা āĻ“ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ•, āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŽাāĻĨাāϝ় āϰেāĻ–েāχ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āϰেāĻ–ে āφāĻĄ্āĻĄা āĻĻেāύ। āϤৃāϤীāϝ়āϤ, āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒী-āϏাāĻšিāϤ্āϝিāĻ•-āĻ•āϞাāĻ•ুāĻļāϞীāĻĻেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύ āϝেāύ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়া āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāϰāĻ“ āϤা āφāĻ›ে। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ›āĻ•ে āĻŦাঁāϧা āϜীāĻŦāύ āĻ“ āϜীāĻŦিāĻ•া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϤিāύি āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻĻূāϰে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āϚāϤুāϰ্āĻĨāϤ, āĻĻাāϰিāĻĻ্āϰāĻ•ে āϤিāύি āĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āύিāϝ়েāĻ›েāύ। āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāϰ āϝা āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āϚোāĻ–ে āϧুāϞাে āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻšু āϟাāĻ•া āϰোāϜāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়ােāϜāύেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āϰােāϜāĻ—াāϰেāϰ āϤাāĻ—িāĻĻে āϤাāϰ āύেāχ।āφāĻŦাāϰ āϝেāĻĻিāύ āϰােāϜāĻ—াāϰ āĻšāϝ় āύা, āϏেāĻĻিāύ āĻ–াāϞি āĻšাঁāĻĄ়িāϤে āϜāϞ
āĻĢুāϟিāϝ়ে āϰাāύ্āύাāϰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏāϟাāĻ•ে āϜিāϝ়ে āϰাāĻ–েāύ। āĻĒāĻž্āϚāĻŽāϤ, āĻšāϰিāĻĻা āĻ¸ā§Ž āĻāĻŦং | āύিāϰ্āϞোāĻ­ āĻŽাāύুāώ। āϜāĻ—āĻĻীāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦুāϰ āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϤে āĻŦিāϰাāĻ—ীāϰূāĻĒী āĻšāϰিāĻĻা āĻāĻ•āĻļাে
āĻāĻ•āϟাāĻ•া āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖাāĻŽী āĻĢিāϰিāϝ়ে āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ›েāύ। āχāϚ্āĻ›ে āĻ•āϰāϞে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϟাāĻ•া āϏেāĻ–াāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϰােāϜāĻ—াāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰāϤেāύ, āĻ›ােāĻ•āϰা āĻŦāύ্āϧুāϰা āĻŦāĻ•āĻļিāϏেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞāϞে āϤিāύি āϜাāύাāύ āĻ…āύ্āϝ āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻšুāϰূāĻĒীāϰ āĻŦেāĻļে āĻ—িāϝ়ে āϏাāĻŽাāύ āĻŦāĻ•āĻļিāϏ āύিāϝ়ে āφāϏāĻŦেāύ। āώāώ্āĻ āϤ, āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύীāϝ়েāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āϤিāύি āĻĻিāϤে āϜাāύেāύ āĻŦāĻšুāϰূāĻĒীāϰ āϏাāϜে āĻ•োāĻĨাāĻ“ āĻ—িāϝ়ে āϤিāύি āĻŽাāύীāϰ āĻŽাāύāĻšাāύি āϘāϟাāύāύি। āĻŦāύ্āϧুāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻšিāĻŽাāϞāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝাāĻ—āϤ āϏāύ্āύ্āϝাāϏীāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻļুāύāϞে āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āϜাāύি āϤাāϰ āĻĒāĻĻāϧূāϞি āύেāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞেāύ।
āύিāώ্āĻ াāĻŦাāύ, āύিāϰ্āϞোāĻ­, āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻšāϰিāĻĻা āϏংāϏাāϰ āϏāĻŽাāϜ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝেāύ āĻ•েāĻŽāύ āύিāϰ্āϞিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤেāύ। āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝ āϤাঁāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻāχ āϟ্āϰ্āϝাāϜিāĻĄি āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āύেāĻ•াংāĻļেāχ āϏāĻŽাāϜ āĻĻাāϝ়ী। āĻŦāĻšুāϰূāĻĒীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻ…āĻŦāĻšেāϞা āĻ āωāĻĒেāĻ•্āώাāχ āĻŦāĻšুāϰূāĻĒী āĻšāϰিāĻĻাāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽাāϜ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāϚ্āĻ›িāύ্āύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে।
ā§Ģ। āĻ•āĻŽ-āĻŦেāĻļি ⧧⧍ā§Ģ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻে āύিāϜেāϰ āĻ­াāώাāϝ় āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻাāĻ“। (āϝে āĻ•োāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি) ā§Ē xā§§ = 1
ā§Ģ.ā§§। āĻāχ āĻŽুāĻšুāϰ্āϤে āϤুāĻŽি āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰাে।' āĻ•াāĻ•ে āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦāϞা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে? āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে? āύাāϟ্āϝāĻ•াāϰ āĻļāϚীāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāύাāĻĨ āϏেāύāĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤেāϰ āϏিāϰাāϜāĻĻ্āĻĻৌāϞা āύাāϟ্āϝাংāĻļে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰ āϏিāϰাāϜ āχāϏ্āϟ āχāύ্āĻĄিāϝ়া āĻ•োāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧি āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏāĻ•ে āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦāϞেāĻ›েāύ।
āĻŦāĻŖিāĻ•েāϰ āĻ›āĻĻ্āĻŽāĻŦেāĻļāϧাāϰী āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ­াāϰāϤে āωāĻĒāύিāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϝ় āϘাঁāϟি āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰে। āχংāϰেāϜ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻ•āϰে āϏিāϰাāϜেāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŽāĻšāϞ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāϤ্āϰ āώāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻŦিāώ āĻ›āĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻĻেāϝ়। āχংāϰেāϜāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­িāĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āϏিāϰাāϜ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা āϜāϝ় āĻ•āϰেāύ। āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ“ āϏিāϰাāϜেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāύ্āϧিāϰ āĻļāϰ্āϤ āϰāĻ•্āώাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ­ূ āĻ•āϰে āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏāĻ•ে āĻŽুāϰ্āĻļিāĻĻাāĻŦাāĻĻে āϰাāĻ–া āĻšāϝ়। āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ় āϤাāϰāχ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻĻুāϰাāϤ্āĻŽা āχংāϰেāϜ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻĻāĻ–āϞেāϰ āĻ›āĻ• āĻ•āώāĻ›ে। āχāϤিāĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏāĻ•ে āϞেāĻ–া āĻ•াāĻļিāĻŽāĻŦাāϜাāϰ āĻ•ুāĻ িāϰ āĻ…্āϝাāĻĄāĻŽিāϰাāϞ āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏāύেāϰ āĻ—ােāĻĒāύāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏেāϰ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āύāĻŦাāĻŦেāϰ āĻšāϏ্āϤāĻ—āϤ āĻšāϝ়। āώāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ—āĻ­ীāϰāϤা āĻĻেāĻ–ে āύāĻŦাāĻŦ āϏ্āϤāĻŽ্āĻ­িāϤ āĻšāύ। āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏāύ āϏৈāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŽাāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦাংāϞাāϝ় āĻāĻŽāύ āφāĻ—ুāύ āϞাāĻ—াāϤে āϚাāύ āϝা āύাāĻ•ি āĻ—āĻ™্āĻ—াāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϜāϞ āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ“ āύেāĻ­াāύাে āϝাāĻŦে āύা। āύāĻŦাāĻŦেāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰে āĻŦāϏেāχ āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏ āύāĻŦাāĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ›ুāϰি āĻļাāύাāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏেāϰ āϜāĻŦাāĻŦিāĻĒāϤ্āϰে āĻ›িāϞ āϤাāϰāχ āύিāĻļাāύা— āύāĻŦাāĻŦেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ। āϚāύ্āĻĻāύāύāĻ—āϰ āφāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāχ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāĻŽাāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϜ। āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĢāϰাāϏি āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧি āĻŽāϏিāϝ়ে āϞা āχংāϰেāϜ āφāĻ—্āϰাāϏāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻŦিāϧাāύ āϚেāϝ়ে āύāĻŦাāĻŦেāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰে āĻšাāϜিāϰ āĻšāύ।āχংāϰেāϜেāϰ āφāĻ—্āϰাāϏāύ, āĻ”āĻĻ্āϧāϤ্āϝ āĻ“ āĻĻুāϰāĻ­িāϏāύ্āϧি āĻĻেāĻ–ে āύāĻŦাāĻŦ āĻ•্āώুāĻŦ্āϧ āĻšāϝ়েāχ | āĻ“āϝ়াāϟāϏāĻ•ে āĻĻāϰāĻŦাāϰ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻ•āϰেāύ।
ā§Ģ⧍। āϜাāύি āύা, āφāϜ āĻ•াāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤ āϏে āϚাāϝ়। āĻĒāϞাāĻļি, āϰাāĻ•্āώāϏী āĻĒāϞাāĻļি।āĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āĻāϰূāĻĒ āĻŽāύ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻ•ী?
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা,
āĻāχ āĻŽāύ্āϤāĻŦ্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āϝে āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āĻ­াāĻŦāύাāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĢুāϟāύ āϘāϟেāĻ›ে, āϤা āφāϞােāϚāύা āĻ•āϰাে।
āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ:- āĻŦāĻ•্āϤা āϏিāϰাāϜāĻĻ্āĻĻৌāϞা। āϏিāϰাāϜāĻĻ্āĻĻৌāϞাāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦিāϚāĻ•্āώāĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻ…āĻ­াāĻŦেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖেāχ āϤাāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āĻ“āĻ া āώāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻļুāύেāĻ“ āϝāĻĨা āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āϝāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻ•াāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āύা āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ। (āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰে)
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা
āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ : āώāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻ•াāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāύāϏিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা, āϞুā§ŽāĻĢাāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻĒāϞাāĻļিāϰ āϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦāϧাāϰিāϤ āĻĒāϰিāĻŖাāĻŽে āφāϤāĻ™্āĻ•িāϤ āύāĻŦাāĻŦেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ– āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻŦেāϰ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰুāĻŖ āφāϰ্āϤāύাāĻĻ।।
ā§Ŧ। āĻ•āĻŽ-āĻŦেāĻļি ā§§ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻে āύিāϜেāϰ āĻ­াāώাāϝ় āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻাāĻ“। (āϝে āĻ•োāύাে āĻāĻ•āϟি)
ā§Ģxā§§ = ā§Ģ ā§Ŧ.ā§§।
āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒিāϟিāĻļāύে āĻĒāĻĄ়āϞে āĻŽেāϝ়েāϟা āϤাে āφāĻŽাāϰ āĻĒা āϧােāϝ়া āϜāϞ āĻ–াāĻŦে।'- āωāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻ•াāϰ? āωāĻ•্āϤিāϟি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϤাāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻŽāύােāĻ­াāĻŦেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚāϝ় āĻŽেāϞে?
ā§§+ā§Ē = ā§Ģ
āĻŽāϤি āύāύ্āĻĻীāϰ āĻ•োāύি’ āωāĻĒāύ্āϝাāϏেāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ—ৃāĻšীāϤ āĻĒাāĻ ্āϝ āĻ…ংāĻļে āϜুāĻĒিāϟাāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻ•্āώিāϤীāĻļেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύ āĻ“ āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϰুāĻĒ āϏāĻš্āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤে āύা āĻĒেāϰে āĻ…āĻŽিāϝ়া āĻ“ āĻŦেāϞা āύাāĻŽে āĻĻু’āϜāύ āϏাঁāϤাāϰু āĻ…্āϝাāĻĒােāϞােāϤে āϝােāĻ— āĻĻিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ āϏেāĻ–াāύে āĻ•োāύিāĻ•ে āĻĒেāϝ়ে āĻ…āĻŽিāϝ়া āĻāχ āĻ•āĻĨাāĻ—ুāϞি āĻļুāύিāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ।
āĻ…āĻŽিāϝ়া āĻ•োāύিāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻ•্āώিāϤীāĻļেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰāχ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻ›িāϞ। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•েāϰ āĻļাāϏāύ āĻ“ āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϰুāĻĒ āϏāĻš্āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤে āύা āĻĒেāϰে āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦ āĻ›েāĻĄ়েāĻ›ে āϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϟেāĻ•্āĻ•া āĻĻেāĻŦে āĻ•োāύি, āĻāϟা āĻ…āϏāĻš্āϝ āϤাāχ āĻ•োāύিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āϤাāϰা āĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ। āϤাāĻ›াāĻĄ়া āĻāĻ• āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĻ্āĻŦāύ্āĻĻ্āĻŦী āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ• āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝ়েāχ āϏাāĻĒে-āύেāωāϞেāχ āĻšāϝ়, āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāĻ“ āϤাāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĨা āĻšāϝ়āύি। āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϝাāϚে āĻĢেāϞে, āĻ…āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ•ু-āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŦāϞে, āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ• āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে, āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰেāχ āĻšােāĻ• āύিāϜেāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āϏেāχ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦāĻ•ে āϜেāϤাāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āĻāϟাāχ āĻ›িāϞ āĻ…āĻŽিāϝ়াāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ। āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻ—ুāϰু āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻĻেāĻ–াāύাে āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϤা āĻ…āĻŽিāϝ়া āĻĻেāĻ–াāϤ āύা। āϤাāϰ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻ›িāϞ āĻ•্āώিāϤিāĻļāĻŦাāĻŦু āĻ•োāύিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰāχ āĻŦেāĻļি āϜোāϰ āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›েāύ āĻĢāϞে āĻ…āύ্āϝেāϰা āωāĻĒেāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻāĻ›াāĻĄ়া āωāĻĒāύ্āϝাāϏ āύাāϟāĻ•ে āύাāϝ়āĻ•-āύাāϝ়িāĻ•াāϰ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĒāĻ•্āώ (āĻ­িāϞেāύ āĻ—্āϰুāĻĒ) āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦেāχ, āϤাāϰা āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻ…āύ্āϝাāϝ়েāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϧāϰে āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ“āĻ াāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰāĻŦে। āϤাāϤে āĻ•্āώāĻŖিāĻ•েāϰ āϜāϝ় āĻāϞেāĻ“ āϏাāĻŽāĻ—্āϰিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰাāϜāϝ় āϘāϟে। āĻāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āĻ…āĻŽিāϝ়াāĻ•ে āϞেāĻ–āĻ• āϏেāĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ।
ā§Ŧ.⧍। āĻĻাāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ্āϝ āφāϰ āĻŦāĻž্āϚāύাāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āϝে āĻ•োāύিāϰ āϞāĻĄ়াāχ āϤাāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻĻাāĻ“।।

āĻŦāϏ্āϤিāϰ āĻঁāĻĻো āϘāϰে āĻĻাāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ্āϝ, āĻŦāĻž্āϚāύা āφāϰ āĻ•্āώুāϧাāĻ•ে āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ী āĻ•āϰে āĻŦেāĻĄ়ে āĻ“āĻ ে āĻ•āύāĻ•āϚাāĻĒা āĻĒাāϞ āĻ“āϰāĻĢে āĻ•োāύি। āĻ•োāύি āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ—āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ, āϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ। āϏাāϤ āĻ­াāχ-āĻŦােāύ। āĻŦাāĻŦা āĻŽাāϰা āϝাāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϤাāϰা āĻ…āĻĨৈ āϜāϞে āĻĒāĻĄ়ে। āϏংāϏাāϰেāϰ āĻĻাāϝ় āĻŦāĻĄ়াে āĻĻাāĻĻা āĻāĻ•া āϏাāĻŽāϞাāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা āĻŦāϞে āĻ›ােāϟো। āĻ­াāχāĻ•ে āĻĒāύেāϰাে āϟাāĻ•া āĻŽাāχāύেāϤে āϚাāϝ়েāϰ āĻĻোāĻ•াāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϜে āĻĸুāĻ•িāϝ়ে। āĻĻেāϝ়। āĻ•্āώিāϤীāĻļ āϏাঁāϤাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•োāύিāϰ āĻ­āϰāĻŖāĻĒােāώāĻŖেāϰ āĻ­াāϰ āύা āύিāϞে āĻ•োāύিāĻ•ে āϏুāϤোāĻ•āϞে āĻ•াāϜ āύিāϤে āĻšāϤ। āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āωāĻĒাāϰ্āϜāύāĻ•াāϰী āĻĻাāĻĻাāĻ“ āϝāĻ•্āώা⧟ āφāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻŽাāϰা āϝা⧟। āĻ•োāύি āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻŦাāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύে āϧাāĻ•্āĻ•া āĻ–া⧟ । āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ‍্āϝ āĻ•োāύিāĻ•ে āĻ•্āώিāϤিāĻļেāϰ āϏ্āϤ্āϰী āϤাঁāϰ āĻĻāϰ্āϜিāϰ āĻĻোāĻ•াāύে āĻĢাāχ-āĻĢāϰāĻŽাāĻļ āĻ–াāϟাāϰ āϜāύ‍্āϝ āϚāϞ্āϞিāĻļ āϟাāĻ•া āĻŽাāχāύেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ•াāϜ āĻĻে⧟। āĻ•্āώিāϤিāĻļেāϰ āϚোāĻ–ে āĻāĻ• āϚ‍্āϝাāĻŽ্āĻĒি⧟āύ āϏাঁāϤাāϰু āĻ•োāύি।



Monday, August 13, 2018

āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤা

 Inversion of  Temperation

Definition:- āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝāϤ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ“āĻ া āϝা⧟, āĻāĻ•āϟি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻšাāϰে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤা āĻš্āϰাāϏ āĻĒেāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•ে  Normal lapse rate āĻŦা āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻš্āϰাāϏ āĻŦāϞে।
āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞেāϰ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āϏৃāώ্āϟিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāϚ্āϚāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻĨে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤা āĻš্āϰাāϏেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒা⧟ āĻāϘāĻ•ে Inversion of temperature āĻŦা āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤা āĻŦāϞে ।

Favorable condition for development of inversion of temperature(āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ•ূāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা):-
1.āϏুāĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āϰাāϤ্āϰি:- āĻĻিāύ āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āϰাāϤ্āϰি āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āĻšāϞে āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏāĻž্āϚিāϤ āϤাāĻĒ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟। āĻĢāϞে āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ।
2.āĻŽেāϘāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āφāĻ•াāĻļ:- āĻŽেāϘāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āφāĻ•াāĻļ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰিāϤ āϤাāĻĒ āĻ•োāύো āĻŦাāϧা āύা āĻĒে⧟ে āϏāϰাāϏāϰি āĻŽāĻšাāĻļূāύ্āϝে āϚāϞে āϝা⧟ । āĻĢāϞে āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻ…āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ েāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻšā§Ÿে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āϘāϟা⧟।
3.āĻļুāώ্āĻ• āĻŦা⧟ু:-āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে āĻŦা⧟ু āĻļুāώ্āĻ• āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻāĻŦং āϜāϞী⧟ āĻŦাāώ্āĻĒ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĨাāĻ•াāϰ āϜāύ‍্āϝ āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰিāϤ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞ āĻļোāώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা āĻāĻŦং āϤাāĻĒ āĻŽāĻšাāĻļূāύ্āϝে āϏāϰাāϏāϰি āϚāϞে āϝা⧟।āĻĢāϞে āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰ āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻšā§Ÿে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰে।
4.āĻļাāύ্āϤ āφāĻŦāĻšাāĻ“ā§Ÿা:-āφāĻŦāĻšাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻļাāύ্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•āϞে āωāĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻāĻŦং āύিāϚেāϰ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰে āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦāϞে āύিāϚেāϰ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ েāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļে āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻšā§Ÿে āωāώ্āĻŖāϤা āϰ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰে।
5. āĻŦāϰāĻĢাāĻŦৃāϤ āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ :- āĻŦāϰāĻĢ āĻ•ুāĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāĻšী āĻŦāϞে āĻĻিāύেāϰāĻŦেāϞা⧟ āĻ…āϤি āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āϏূāϰ্āϝāϰāĻļ্āĻŽি āĻļোāώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āϰাāϤ্āϰিāĻ•াāϞে āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻļোāώিāϤ āϏূāϰ্āϝāϰāĻļ্āĻŽি āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝা⧟। āĻĢāϞে āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ।
6.āĻ­ূ-āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤি:-āĻĒাāϰ্āĻŦāϤ‍্āϝ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻŦিāĻļেāώāϤঃ āϰাāϤ্āϰিāϤে āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻ…āϤিāϰিāĻ•্āϤ āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻ“ āĻ­াāϰী āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āĻ—াāϤ্āϰ āĻŦে⧟ে āϧীāϰে āϧীāϰে āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ āωāĻĒāϤ‍্āϝāĻ•া⧟ āύেāĻŽে āφāϏে। āĻāχ āϘāϟāύাāĻ•ে air drainage āĻŦāϞে। āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āωāĻĒāϤ‍্āϝāĻ•া āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻļ‍্āϝ āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώাāĻ•ৃāϤ āωāώ্āĻŖ āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ।
Classification of Inversion Temperature:- āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖীāĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—āĻ—ুāϞি āĻšāϞ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ-
ā§§.Ground inversion
⧍.Upper air inversion
ā§Š.Frontal inversion
ā§§.Ground air in version:-āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāĻŖāϤ āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া⧟ āϘāϟে। āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āϰাāϤ্āϰি āĻ“ āωāϚ্āϚ āĻ…āĻ•্āώাংāĻļেāϰ āĻŦāϰāĻĢাāĻŦৃāϤ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻāϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟। āĻāχ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāĻ•ে āĻĻুāϟি āĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ­াāĻ— āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟ । āϝāĻĨা-
(a)Radiation Inversion:- āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞীāύ āϰাāϤ্āϰে āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻĻāϰুāĻŖ, āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞ āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώা āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻĢāϞে āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻļীāϤāϞāϤা āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰ āωāĻĒāϰেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āϚে⧟ে āĻļৈāϤ‍্āϝ āϏংāϏ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻļে āĻļীāϤāϞāϤāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ । āĻāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞে āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰāύāϜāύিāϤ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ।
(b)Advection Inversion:- āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻŦা⧟ু āωāώ্āĻŖ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ‍্āϝ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ েāϰ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰāĻ•ে āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻ•āϰে। āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϝে āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻ•ে āφāĻ—্āϰাāϏāύāϜāύিāϤ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ।
⧍.Upper air inversion:- āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞেāϰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āωāϚ্āϚāϤা⧟ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒ āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟। āĻāχ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒāĻ•ে āĻĻুāϟি āĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ­াāĻ— āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟ āϝেāĻŽāύ-
(a)Subsidence inversion:- āĻ­ূ-āĻĒৃāώ্āĻ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āωāϚ্āϚāϤা⧟ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϘāύ, āĻļুāώ্āĻ•, āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āύিāĻŽ্āύāĻĻিāĻ•ে āύেāĻŽে āφāϏে āϤāĻ–āύ āϏংāĻ•োāϚāύ āĻŦা āĻŦা⧟ুāϚাāĻĒ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻĢāϞে āĻ“āχ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻ•িāϞোāĻŽিāϟাāϰে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ 10℃ āĻšাāϰে āωāϤ্āϤāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ । āĻĢāϞে āύিāĻŽ্āύāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āωāώ্āĻŖ āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āĻšā§Ÿে āϝে āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻŦāύāĻŽāύ āϜāύিāϤ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦāϞে ।
(b) Turbulence and convective inversion:- āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚāϞāύāĻ—āϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāϤাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞেāϰ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āωāώ্āĻŖāĻŦা⧟ু āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϤāϞ āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŽিāĻļ্āϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ•āĻŽে āĻ—ি⧟ে āϝে āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰিāϤ‍্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ…āϏ্āĻĨিāϰāϤা āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāϚāϞāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āϜāύিāϤ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒ āĻŦāϞে।

Thursday, August 2, 2018

MONSOON

Definition:- āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻ•āĻĨাāϟি āĻāϏেāĻ›ে āφāϰāĻŦি āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ 'āĻŽৌāϏিāĻŽ' āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝাāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻšāϞ 'āĻ‹āϤু'। āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻ‹āϤু āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰāĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে। āϏুāϤāϰাং āĻ‹āϤুāĻ­েāĻĻে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϝে āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাāĻ•েāχ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু āĻŦāϞে । āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰāĻŦা⧟ু āĻāĻŦং āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻŦ‍্āϝāĻĒāĻ• āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻšāϞ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু।
Characteristic:- 
1. āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāĻ•াāϞ 100-120 āĻĻিāύ।
2.āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝāϤāχ āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦৃāώ্āϟিāĻĒাāϤেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āϤāϤāχ āĻ•āĻŽে।
3.āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽি āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āϘāϟে।
4.āĻ—্āϰীāώ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϞে āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু āϝেāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে āϤাāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।
5.āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ‍্āϝাāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āφāĻ—āĻŽāύেāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϧীāϰে āϏংāĻ—āϟিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।
6.āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϤে āĻāĻ•āϟাāύা āĻŦৃāώ্āϟিāĻĒাāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύা āĻŽাāĻে āĻŽাāĻে āϏাāĻŽā§ŸিāĻ• āĻŦিāϰāϤি āϘāϟে।
7. āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽি āϜāϞāĻŦা⧟ু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻ—্āϰীāώ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϞ āφāϰ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ“ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞ āĻļুāώ্āĻ•।
8. āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āϜāϞāĻŦা⧟ু āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻ—্āϰীāώ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ āĻ“ āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞীāύ āϤাāĻĒāĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻŦ‍্āϝāĻŦāϧাāύ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ 20℃।
Mechanism of Monsoon:- āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤিāĻ•ে āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻ•āϰে āϝে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŽāϤāĻŦাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞি āĻšāϞ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϞিāĻ–িāϤ।
1. āϏাāϧাāϰāύ āϧাāϰāĻŖা:- āϏ্āĻšāϞāĻ­াāĻ— āĻ“ āϜāϞāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻŽāϧ‍্āϝে āϤাāĻĒāĻ—্āϰাāĻšিāϤাāϰ āϤাāϰāϤāĻŽ‍্āϝেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖেāχ āĻāχ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ। āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻŦা⧟ু āĻ“ āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰāĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻŦ‍্āϝāĻĒāĻ• āϏংāϰāϏ্āĻ•াāϰāĻ•েāχ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।
 āĻ—্āϰীāώ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϞে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—োāϞাāϰ্āϧে āĻ•āϰ্āĻ•āϟāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤি āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āωāϤ্āϤāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে āĻŽāĻ•āϰāĻ•্āϰাāύ্āϤি āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āϏূāϰ্āϝ āϤিāϰ্āϝāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒāϤিāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āωāϤ্āϤাāĻĒ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĒা⧟ āĻ“ āωāϚ্āϚāϚাāĻĒেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāχ  āωāϚ্āϚāϚাāĻĒেāϰ āĻŦা⧟ু āύিāϰāĻ•্āώী⧟ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϚাāĻĒ āĻŦāϞ⧟ে āφāĻ•āϰ্āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āĻĢেāϰāϞেāϰ āϏূāϤ্āϰাāύুāϏাāϰে āĻĄাāύāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦেঁāĻ•ে āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āωāĻĒāĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻļে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে। āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻŦāϞে āĻāχ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖে āϜāϞী⧟ āĻŦাāώ্āĻĒ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰে āφāύে।
2.āϜেāĻĢ্āϰিāϏেāϰ āϤāϤ্āĻŦ:- āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āύিāĻŽ্āύāϏ্āϤāϰে āϜāϞāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϊāϧ্āĻŦāϏ্āϤāϰে āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϜāϞāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšāĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϜেāĻĢ্āϰিāϏ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—াāĻŖিāϤিāĻ• āĻŽāϤāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϚāϞāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ । āϤিāύি āĻ—াāĻŖিāϤিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖেāϰ āϏাāĻšাāϝ‍্āϝে āĻĻেāĻ–ি⧟েāĻ›েāύ āϝে 2.1km āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦে āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦে āωāĻ āϞে āĻāχ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।
āĻŦা⧟ুāϚাāĻĒ āĻ“ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤাāϰ āϤাāϰāϤāĻŽ‍্āϝে āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞেāϰ āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦে āĻ“ āύিāĻŽ্āύে āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻŦৈāĻĒāϰীāϤ্āϝ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤিāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।
3. āϰে⧜āύ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āϤāϤ্āĻŦ:- āĻāχ āϤāϤ্āĻŦে āϤেāϜāϏ্āĻ•্āϰি⧟ āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰāĻŖāĻ•ে āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ­ূāĻŽি āĻšāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύি⧟āϤ āχāωāϰেāύি⧟াāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻĨেāϰি⧟াāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞে āĻŽিāĻļāĻ›ে । āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻāχ āĻŦিāĻ•িāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ…āϧিāĻ•।
āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰে āωāϚ্āϚ āϰেāĻĄāύ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻāĻŦং āύিāĻŽ্āύ āϰেāĻĄāύ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āϜāϞāĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāϤāύ āϏোāĻ­ি⧟েāϤ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āϜাāĻšাāϜ Yu.M. Shokaleki āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻ• āĻŦা⧟ুāϏ্āϤāϰ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āĻ“ āύিāϰীāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āφāĻ—্āϰāĻšেāϰ āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰে।āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āϜাāĻšাāϜāϟি 1960 āĻ–্āϰী: āϜুāϞাāχ āĻŽাāϏে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦৈāϜ্āĻžাāύিāĻ• āϏāĻŽীāĻ•্āώা āϚাāϞা⧟। āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা⧟ āϏ্āĻĨāϞāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āύিāĻ•āϟāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϞোāĻšিāϤ āϏাāĻ—āϰে āωāϚ্āϚ āϰেāĻĄāύ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟। āϜাāĻšাāϜāϟি āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰে āĻŦিāĻļেāώāϤঃ āύিāϰāĻ•্āώāϰেāĻ–াāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ—āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϤে āϰেāĻĄāĻŖāĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻš্āϰাāϏāĻŽাāύāϤা āϞāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāĻ• āĻĻāϞ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻ•েāϰ āĻŽāϤে āϰেāĻĄāĻŖ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻāχ āϤাāϰāϤāĻŽ‍্āϝāχ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ।
āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāχ āϤāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻŦāϞা āĻšā§Ÿ āϝে, āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤি āωāĻ•্āϤ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻšāϞে āĻāϤ āϏ্āĻŦāϞ্āĻĒ āĻĻৈāϰ্āϘ্āϝেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻšāĻĒāĻĨে āĻāϤ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āϜāϞী⧟ āĻŦাāώ্āĻĒ āĻāχ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āύা।
4.āĻĨাāϰ্āĻŽাāϞ āχāĻž্āϜিāύ āϤāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦ:-āĻāχ āϤāϤ্āĻŦে āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāϤ্āϤিāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ 20,000km āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ, 600-1000km āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤ āĻāĻŦং 4km āωāϚ্āϚ āϤিāĻŦ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āωāϚ্āϚ āĻŽাāϞāĻ­ূāĻŽিāϰ āϤাāĻĒী⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦāĻ•ে āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĨাāĻ•ে।āĻāχ āĻŽাāϞāĻ­ূāĻŽি āĻĒাāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞ āĻ…āĻĒেāĻ•্āώা 2°-3℃ āωāώ্āĻŖāϤāϰ । Dr. P. Koteswaram āĻāĻŦং  Prof. H. Flohn āĻŦāϞেāύ āϤীāĻŦ্āĻŦāϤ āĻŽাāϞāĻ­ূāĻŽি āĻŦা⧟ুāĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞে āϤাāĻĒেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āĻŦা⧟ুāĻ•ে āωāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻ•āϰে ।
āϊāϰ্āϧ্āĻŦāĻ—āĻŽāύ āĻ•াāϞে āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰী⧟ āύিāϰāĻ•্āώী⧟ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āύিāĻŽāϜ্āϜিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύিāĻŽ্āύāĻ—াāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āφāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύেāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে āĻŦিāĻ•্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϤ‍্āϝাāĻ—āĻŽāĻŖāĻļীāϞ āĻŦা⧟ু āϰুāĻĒে āĻ­াāϰāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•āϰে। āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰে āĻāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰাāĻ­িāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻ—āĻŽāύāĻ•াāϞে āĻāχ āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āϜāϞী⧟ āĻŦাāώ্āĻĒ āĻļোāώāύ āĻ•āϰে ।
āϤāĻŦে āĻāχ āϝুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒāĻ•্āώে āĻĻুāϟি āĻŽুāĻ–‍্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āϤোāϞা āĻšāϞ-
 (!)āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāĻĒ্āϰāĻŦাāĻš āĻ•ি āϤāĻĒ্āϤ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāϏ্āĻĨāϞ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰাāχ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ?
(!!)āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻ—āϰেāϰ āύিāϰāĻ•্āώী⧟ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻ•ি āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āύিāĻŽ্āύāĻ—āĻŽāύ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟?
5.āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŽেāĻŽ āϏংāĻŦāĻšāύ āϤāϤ্āĻŦ:-āωāĻĒāĻ—্āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰেāϰিāϤ āĻŽেāĻŽেāϰ āφāϞোāĻ•āϚিāϤ্āϰেāϰ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝে āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻā§œেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āύিāϰ্āϪ⧟ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻŦāĻ™্āĻ—োāĻĒāϏাāĻ—āϰে āĻ…āύুāϰূāĻĒ āĻā§œেāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āϏূāϚিāϤ āĻšāϞেāĻ“ āωāĻĒāĻ—্āϰāĻš āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āϤা āϧāϰা āĻĒ⧜ে। āωāĻĒāĻ—্āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰেāϰিāϤ āφāϞোāĻ•āϚিāϤ্āϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে āϝে, āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ু āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ—্āϰāϏāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāϟি āφāϰāĻŦāϏাāĻ—āϰ āĻ“ āĻāĻĄেāύ āωāĻĒāϏাāĻ—āϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āύ‍্āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽা āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŽিāϞিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāϟি āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻšāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āϝে, āĻ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϝে āϰেāĻĄāύেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻĒ āĻ•āϰা āĻ—ি⧟েāĻ›ে āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ āĻŽৌāϏুāĻŽী āĻŦা⧟ুāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āύা āĻšā§Ÿে āφāϰāĻŦে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāύ্āύ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽা āĻŦা⧟ু āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ•āϰে।